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UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DEPARTMENT 

SYLLABUS NO. 19 









A HALF CENTURY OF 

AMERICAN POLITICS 



1789=1840 






SYLLABUS OF A COURSE 
OF SIX LECTURES. 



By FREDERICK J. TURNER, Ph. D. 
Professor of American History 



MADISON 
TRACY, GIBBS & CO., PRINTERS 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS '^'^ 



01 

00001S71357 






NOTE. 

Each lecture is followed by a conference, which all are invited to attend, where 
the lecturer answers questions and elaborates points in the lecture. The class 
consists of those who, in addition to attendance on the lecture and conference, 
pursue systematic reading, under the guidance of the instructor, and present pa- 
pers on some of the topics suggested for each lecture. Those who complete the 
course of study are admitted to an examination entitling them to credit in the 
University of Wisconsin. The lecturer will consult with any of the audience at 
the close of each conference. 

GENERAL REFERENCES FOR READING. 

For the class, the required reading of the course is pages 79 to 179 of Johnston's 
United States (Scribners, New York, $1.00); or Hart's Formation of the Union, 
and pages i to 115 of Wilson's Division and Reunion. These two volumes, to- 
gether with Thwaites' Colonies, form the Epochs of American History Series, 
published by Longmans, Green & Co., 15 East Sixteenth Street, New York, at 
$1.25 per volume. Together they make an excellent brief history of the United 
States. A good working library for the student would consist of these and 
selections from the American Statesmen Series (Houghton, Mifflm & Co., Boston, 
$1.25 per volume). A good selection for this course would be: Lodge's Washing- 
ton, two vols., Morse's Jefferson, Oilman's Monroe, Schurz's Clay, two vols., and 
Sumner's Jackson. To these might be well added: Adams' Randolph, Shepard's 
Van Buren, and Roosevelt's Benton. In the Makers of America Series, (Dodd, 
Mead & Co., $1.00) are, Sumner's Hamilton, and Schouler's Jefferson, which 
would be useful additions to this list. All of these, with the Epochs of Ameri- 
can History Series, should not cost over fifteen dollars. The student should 
own Foster's References to the History of Presidential Administrations, (Put- 
nams, 27 West 23d St., New York, 25 cents ) Johnston's American Politics 
(Holt & Co., $1.00) is a non-partisan compendium of the history of political 
parties. Stan wood's History of l^i'esidential Elections is useful. General 
works like Von Hoist's Constitutional History of the United States, Schouler's 
History of the United States, MacMaster's History of the People of the United 
States, Tucker's History of the United States (Southern), and Winsor's Narra- 
tive and Critical History of America, should, be consulted. Lalor's Cyclopedia 
of Political Science contains valuable articles on American history by Professor 
Johnston. Dunbar's Laws of the United States Relating to Currency, Finance 
and Banking, (Ginn & Co., Boston, $2.50) and Taussig's Speeches and State Pa- 
pers on the Tariff Question, (Harvard University), are valuable compilations. 
Johnston's American Orations, three vols., (Putnams, New York, about $3.00 
is an excellent little work. 






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t3o;L 



LECTURE I. 

THE ERA OF HAMILTON. 

Introduction. — Importance of the following processes in American history; the 
evolution of a complex industrial organization; the movement away from Eu- 
rope; the movement westward; the rise of democracy; the abolition of slavery; 
the triumph of nationalism over State sovereignty and sectionalism. All are 
interrelated. Period of this lecture exhibits two main phases: struggle for lib- 
erty; struggle for order. 

Colonial Characteristics: Internal. — Economic and social isolation and primi- 
tiveness. Frontier traits. Democratic tendencies and aristocratic survivals. 
Dislike of government, especially taxation. Debtor class; paper money. Quar- 
rels with the governors: colonial parties. Lack of unity. Sectionalism. 

Colonial Characteristics: External.— The colonies had political relations to each 
other and to the rest of the world only through England. Colonial doctrine of 
internal and external authority, The restrictive system. The colonies a part 
of the European system, involved in European contentions. 

The Revolution. — Economic growth of the colonies. More rigid application 
of English administration and the restrictive system, after the expulsion of 
France from the continent. Principles of colonial resistance: charters; English 
rights; theory of compact and rights of man. The Continental Congresses and 
the question of sovereignty. The formation of the States. Independence: 
decapitation of the central authority. Alliance with France. 

The Confederation.— Attempt to establish a central government on the princi- 
ples of the revolution. Formation of the Articles of Confederation, 1777. De- 
lay in ratification. Land cessions. Articles adopted, 1781. Defects! Weak- 
ness of the confederation: requisitions; paper money; danger from the army: 
intercolonial commercial war; boundary controversies; violations of the treaty; 
Mississippi question; Shays' rebellion; attempts to amend the Articles. Situa- 
tion in 1786. Ordinance of 1787. 

The Constitution.— Commercial questions. Mount Vernon meeting, 1785. 
Annapolis convention, 1786. Constitutional Convention, 1787. Parties: large 
States, small States; slave States, free States. Plans: Virginia, New Jersey, 
Hamilton's. Compromises: Connecticut compromise; compromise on represen- 
tation and taxation; on navigation and the slave trade. The constitution not a 
product of abstract reasoning, but the result of selection from State constitutions, 
and of compromise. Ratification. Carried by votes of the areas of intercourse, 
commerce and wealth, against the interior agricultural and debtor region. "The 
Federalist." Who ratified the constitution? Sovereignty? It was forced on the 
people. Constitutions grow. 

Administration. — Importance of the question of putting the constitution into op- 
eration. Washington's cabinet; Supreme Court. Hamilton as an administrator. 



His measures: funding, assumption, location of the capital, excise, bank, manu- 
factures, suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. Relation of his financial 
system to his theory of government. Testimony of his enemies. Doctrine of 
"implied powers" and the crystallization of parties. Hamilton and the Feder- 
alists: loose construction, nationalism, aristocracy, English sympathies, reli- 
ance on the commercial classes. Jefferson and the Republicans. 

TOPICS. 

1. Was Hamilton a monarchist? 

2. Compare the Virginia and the New Jersey plan of a constitution. 

3. Compare the tariff of 1789 with the principles laid down in Hamilton's 
Report on Manufactures. 

4. Did the Congress of 1774 possess sovereignty? 

5. Explain the political significance of Hamilton's financial system. 

READING ON LECTURE I. 

The required reading for the class is Johnston's United States, pages 79 to 
127. Hart's Formation of the Union gives abundant bibliography. The Con- 
federation and the Constitutional Convention maybe pleasantly studied in Fiske's 
Critical Period. Sumner's Hamilton, in the Makers of America Series, is a use- 
ful little book, portraying the evils of the revolutionary period, and Hamilton's 
work in fighting them; it is critical of his financial schemes. Lodge's Hamilton 
(American Statesmen Series) is more favorable to Hamilton as a financier. 
There is a good article on Hamilton in the Political Science Quarterly for March, 
1890, and in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, for October, 1888. A brief 
sketch of the Constitutional Convention is in Century Magazine, for September, 
1887. Albert, Scott & Co., Chicago, have recently issued a reprint of Madison's 
Journal of the Constitutional Convention. The Federalist, written by Ham- 
ilton, Madison, and Jay, should be studied, not only as illustrating the questions 
debated in the ratification period, but as a useful commentary on the constitution. 
The Confederation and the Convention are more fully treated in Bancroft's 
History of the Constitution, or History of the United States, vol. VI. (1885), and 
in Curtis' Constitutional History of the United States. A Southern view may 
be gained from the study of Stephens' War between the States, or Sage's 
Republic of Republics. Lodge's Washington (American Statesmen Series) gives 
a good view of Washington's administration. The tariff history of the period 
is given in Elliott's Tariff Controversy. The student who has access to origi- 
nal authorities, such as the works of Hamilton, Washington, Jefferson, and 
Madison, Maclay's Journal, Journals of the Old Congress, Elliott's Debates, 
Annals of Congress, Benton's Abridgement of Debates, and the American State 
Papers, should turn to them, after a general view of the period has been ob- 
tained in some book like Hart's Formation of the Union. It is in such study 
that the real meaning of history appears. 



LECTURE II. 



JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY. 

Introduction.-Democratic elements in the formation of the colonies. Free 
land. Restraints on democracy: limitation of the franchise; gerrymanders- 
solidarity of commercial interest; ruling classes rs. majorities. 

Jefferson's Preparation.-Virginia traits: agriculture; aristocracy of common- 
ers; state sovereignty; tide water 7^^. interior. Doctrines of the Declaration of 
Independence. Virginia reforms (1776-79): abolition of entail and primogeni- 
ture; codification; bill for religious freedom; bill for general education- pro- 
posal of gradual emancipation of slaves. Ordinance of 1784. Minister to 
France at time of Revolution. Attitude toward Shays' rebellion. 

Organization of Republican Party.-Material: the "people-; agricultural classes- 
State rights men; French sympathizers. Attitude of South .nd Middle States' 
Principles: strict construction; attack on aristocratic and monarchical tenden- 
cies; economy; taxation to be reduced to expenditures; States before the nation- 
individuals before the States. 

Virginia and Kentucky Resoiutions.-Alien and Sedition laws of the Federalists, 
(17.98). Virginia Resolutions (Madison), limited government, compact, "inter- 
pose." Kentucky Resolutions (Jefferson), Resolutions of 1799, "nullification " 
Replies of the States. Virginia Report. 

Election of 1800-1.-Federalist downfall: dissensions; alien and sedition laws- 
direct tax; reaction. Disputed election: Hamilton favors Jefferson as against 
Burr. ° 

Revolution of I800.-Jeffersonian principles: laissez faire: restriction of gov- 
ernmental functions; frugality in government; promotion of agriculture and 
commerce; public debt should be restricted to the generation which contracts 
It; State sovereignty, but protection of national government in its just powers- 
the general government to be reduced to foreign affairs; the danger of the fed- 
eral judiciary; equilibrium in office; confidence in the people under leadership- 
education; danger to his system from war: peaceable coercion through com- 
merce. Two-fold character of Jefferson's democracy; (a) Virginian; State sov- 
-ereignty; m theory; Randolph; Calhoun-(b) Middle State and National- rule 
of the people; in practice; Gallatin, Jackson. 

Application of Jeffersonian Democracy. -Gallatin's financial system. Attack on 
the Judiciary. Purchase of Louisiana: "Let us not make blank paper of the 
Constitution by construction." Embargo administration. Randolph's defec- 
tion. Jefferson's later career. 

TOPICS. 

1. Compare the political views of Herbert Spencer and Jefferson. 

2. Give an account of Randolph's defection. 

3. Give an account of the "Essex Junto." 



6 

4. Discuss the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase, and its effect oa 
the doctrines of strict construction. 

5. Compare Jefferson and Hamilton. 

READING ON LECTURE IL 
The required reading is Johnston's United States, pages 125 to 146; or Hart's 
Formation of the Union, pages 16S to 198, and Wilson's Division and Reunion, 
pages 12 to 15, 21. Morse's Jefferson, and Schouler's Jefferson, are good brief 
biographies, the former less appreciative than the latter. Mrs. Randolph's 
Jefferson's Domestic Life, -is good. The best survey of Jefferson's administra- 
tions is Adams' History of the United States (Scribners) I-IV. It is perhaps 
the best work of political history and criticism yet done by an American writer. 
The first volume contains an excellent account of the United States in 1800. 
Randall's Life of Jefferson is eulogistic. Adams' Life of Gallatin, and his John 
Randolph, are valuable. MacMaster's History of the People of the United 
States, II., III., has some very good material on this period. Prof. Morse has 
an able article on the Democratic party in the Political Science Quarterly for 
December, 1891. Warfield's Kentucky Resolutions is a useful monograph. 
Von Hoist's Constitutional History of the United States, I., has some trenchant 
criticisms on Jefferson. Adams' Thomas Jefferson and the University of Vir- 
ginia (U. S. Bureau of Education, Circular of Information No. i, 1888) is a 
valuable contribution. 



LECTURE III. 

THE STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 

Introduction. — The European situation; struggle of France and England for 
colonial power in the eighteenth century; Napoleonic wars. Desire to elimin- 
ate neutrals. The American situation: Shall the United States be a part of the 
European state system? If not, what shall be its position? Treaty of alliance 
with France, 177J. Treaty of peace, 1783. 

Washington's Administration.— Proclamation of neutrality, 1793. Genet; Dem- 
ocratic clubs. Jay's treaty with England. Monroe's recall. Treaty with 
Spain. George Rogers Clark and the danger in the West. 

Adams' Administration. — The X. Y. Z. correspondence. Preparations for war: 
"Hail Columbia!" Alien and sedition laws. New commission and the treaty 
of 1800 with France. 

Jefferson's Administration. — Spanish cession of Louisiana to France, 1800. 
' 'The day France takes possession of New Orleans ... we must marry 
ourselves to the British fleet and nation." — Jefferson. Louisiana purchase, 
1803. Threats of New England. Neutral trade. Aurora case. 1806, Or- 
ders in Council; Berlin Decree. 1807, Orders in Council; Milan Decree; 
Chesapeake and Leopard; embargo: peaceable coercion. 1809, non-intercourse. 
Randolph and the Virginia ideal. Massachusetts ideal. Effects of peaceable 
coercion. 



Madison's Adminlstralion.- Seizures and impressments. Indian troubles 
Henry's mission. Ri^e of new men: the West. War of 1813. Hartford Con: 
vention. Treaty of Ghent, 1814. nartrora Con 

Monroe's Adminislration.-Quadruple alliance: intervention. South American 
mdependence. Canning's attitude. Russian colonization in California Mo" 
roeDoctnne. 18.3. Interpretations. United States secures freedom from Eu- 
rope and turns toward the West. American pride. 

TOPICS. 

1. The effects of the colonial restrictive system on the United States in Wash- 
ington's admmistration. 

2. Origin of the Monroe Doctrine. 

3. Who deserves the credit of the Louisiana Purchase' 

4. What was the importance of Washington's proclamation of neutrality' 

5. Causes and effects of the War of 1812. 

READING ON LECTURE III. 
The required reading is Johnston's United States, pages 142 to .51, 157- or 
Hart Formation of the Union, pages 185 to ^^^, 341 to 343. The special his ones 

Tresc Xd'V' ." 5^"' ^''' ^^"^'^'^ ^'P^°"^^^^ °^ '"^^ United States, and 
Trescott s Diplomatic History of the Administrations of Washington and Adams 
MacMaster'sHistoryof the People of the United States, IL, and III is pTr 
^cu^rly good on this subject. The best account of the Louisiana PurchaL'the 
Embargo, and War of 1813, is in Adams' History of the United States. There is 
an admirable outline of the history of American diplomacy in Winsor's N^rra 

Z:t TTl T''' °' r ^^.^^^^ ^"- ^- ^^^ ^--^-' --^ -enent 
17 6 1887^- wh . ;."' T^' '°' Conventions of the United States, 

1775-1887. Wharton s Digest of International Law, III., ^ § 403-40C has val 
uable material on the doctrine of neutrality; and the same work I.,V57 i use 

oubirs ; T'°^ ''T'"°" ''°^^" "- ^'°' ^ ^^^' '4th Street N w York 
publish all the essential portions of documents to elucidate the Monroe Doctrine 
in American History Leaflet" no. 4. price ten cents, edited by Drs Har Td 
Channing of Harvard University. Tucker's Monroe Doctrine, and Gil man's 
Monroe are essential to a full understanding of this doctrine. The document 
relatingtodiplomacy maybefound in American StatePapers. Foreign ReTaZs 

LECTURE IV. 

NATIONAL TENDENCIES. 

tioL?°'Gr!duaTd°T''""r^ ^'^'-^ ^'^"^^^^'^^ '^ ^^^^^^'^ -^ social condi- 
on of th W ' °V^^°°°™'^ ^°d ^°-^l particularism. The coloniza- 

tion of the West, a nationalizing force. 

Effects of the War of I812.-Military weakness shown by lack of means of con- 
centration and intercommunication. Collapse of New England Federalism 

NatltT T'"^"'""?^^ '^'' ^° P^^^"^^' ^^'^^P'^^ *h« Federalist princip e" 
National pride aroused. Rise of manufactures. 



Nationalizing Legislation. — Second national bank, 1816. Internal improve- 
ments: Cumberland road; Calhoun's bonus bill, 1817; Madison's veto; Erie 
canal; Monroe's attitude; J. Q. Adams' position. Protective tariff: 1817, 1820, 
1824, 1828. "The American System." Physics begin to prevail over meta- 
physics. Territorial extension: Oregon question; Florida purchase. Land 
legislation. 

Development of the Constitution by Judicial Decisions. — Modes of constitutional 
growth: amendment; interpretation; usage. John Marshall. Leading cases: 
Marbury vs. Madison, 1803; United States vs. Judge Peters, 1809; Fletcher vs. 
Peck, 1810; Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee, 1816; McCuUoch vs. Maryland, 1819; 
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward, 1819; Cohens vs. Virginia, 1821; Gibbons 
vs. Ogden, 1824. 

Rise of the West. — ^The steamboat. Frontier States admitted: Louisiana, 
1812; Indiana, 1816; Mississippi, 1817; Illinois, 1818; Alabama, 1819; Missouri, 
1821. National and democratic tendencies. Western statesmen. 

Election of 1824. — Characteristics of the Era of Good Feeling: ' 'disintegration 
and germination." Candidates: Clay, J. Q. Adams, 'Crawford, Jackson. Cal- 
houn's attitude. The National Republicans. The United States in 1825. 

TOPICS. 

Compare J. Q. Adams, Clay and Crawford. 

Constitutional questions involved in internal improvements. 

3. Tariff arguments in 1816, 1824. 

4. Abstract of McCulloch vs. Maryland. 
Tendencies in the constitutions of the new States. 

READING ON LECTURE IV. 

The required reading on this lecture is Johnston's United States, pages 139 to 
165, or Hart's Formation of the Union, pages, 223-262, and Wilson's Division 
and Reunion, pages 2-17. The results of the War of 1812 are well summed up 
in Adams' History of the United States, IX. The following volumes of the 
American Statesmen Series are particularly useful: Schurz's Clay, Von Hoist's 
Calhoun, Roosevelt's Benton, Magruder's Marshall, Gilman's Monroe, 
Morse's J. Q. Adams. The work of Marshall as a maker of the nation can be 
traced in the United States Supreme Court Reports; his decisions are all 
worthy of study. Marshall's services are set forth in the following books; 
The Constitution of 'the United States as Seen in the Development of Its Law; 
Carson's History of the Supreme Court, and Willoughby's Supreme Court. 
Taussig's Tariff History, and Elliott's Tariff Controversy unfold the tariff 
questions. Story's Commentaries on the Constitution, §§ 1272 to 1281 discuss 
the constitutional questions in regard to internal improvements. Calhoun's 
speech in the Senate, February 4, 1817, on the bonus bill gives an excellent 
idea of the national tendencies at the close of the War of 1812. 



LECTURE V. 

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 

Introduction. — Slavery in the colonies; in the period of the Revolution; in the 
Constitutional Convention. Ordinance of 1787. Memorials to Congress on 
abolition. Slave trade: foreign, interstate, District of Columbia, territorial. 
Slavery and foreign relations. The Colonization Society. 

Expansion of Slavery. — Cotton gin. Increase of cotton culture; effect in con- 
solidating the South. The migration of the sections, and their antagonisms. 
Political balance of the sections. 

Missouri Compromise. — The Tallmadge amendment, 1819. Discussion in the 
States. Maine and Missouri, 1820. Compromise: 36° 30', a geographical line. 
Second Missouri Compromise: free negroes. Constitutional questions. Ques- 
tions of expediency and justice. Who gained the advantage? Prophetic insight 
of Jefferson and J. Q. Adams. Danger of overstating the inportance of the 
slavery issue in politics at this period. 

TOPICS. 

1. Slavery in New England. 

2. The arguments, pro and con. of the justice of excluding slavery from the ter- 
ritories. 

3. Attempts to introduce slavery into the Northwest. 

4. Has Congress a right to impose restrictions on a State at its admission? Are 
they perpetually binding? 

5. Was the Compromise necessary to save the Union? 

READING ON LECTURE V, 

The required reading is Johnston's United States, pages 113, 114, 137, 138, 
161, 162; or Hart's Formation of the Union, pages 19 to 2r, 113, 114, 126, 127, 
138, 151, 152,236-241; and Wilson's Division and Reunion, pages 119-132. 
General surveys of the slavery contest are: Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political 
Science, III., 725-738; Von Hoist's Constitutional History of the United States 
I.,- chs. viii-x; Hurd's Law of Freedom and Bondage; Wilson's Rise and Fall 
of the Slave Power; Williams' History of the Negro Race; Rhodes' History of 
the United States since the Compromise of 1850, I., ch. i,; Greeley's American 
Conflict, I. The accounts of the Missouri Compromise in the general histories 
mentioned in the introductory note, should be consulted. To these may be 
added, Benton's Thirty Years View; Carr's Missouri; and the volumes of the 
American Statesmen Series mentioned under Lecture IV. The debates as given 
in Benton's Abridgement of Debates, VI., VII., and Adams' Memoirs, 1819- 
1820, are very interesting reading. 



LECTURE VI. 

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY. 

Introduction. —The United States in 1830. Influence of the West on democ- 
racy. New elements of national growth. Labor question. The extension of 
the franchise. The passing away of the older type of statesmen. 

Jackson's Preparation. — Characteristics of the frontier States. Jackson's per- 
sonality. His military career: New Orleans, Seminole war. Western bank 
troubles. The election of 1824-5: "demos krateo" ; "bargain and corruption." 

The Spoils System. — Growth of the nominating conventions. The Albany 
Regency; council of appointment. Tenure of office act, 1820. "To the victors 
belong the spoils." Kitchen cabinet. 

Struggle with Nullification. — Ratification debates. Virginia and Kentucky 
resolutions. Pennsylvania's attitude in 1811. Massachusetts in 1814. Cher- 
okee case. "Tariff of abominations," 1828. Calhoun's "South Carolina Ex- 
position." Webster and Hayne's debate over Foote's resolutions, 1830. Tariff 
of 1832. South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832; "the systematization 
of anarchy." Relation of the doctrine to the Virginia and the Kentucky resolu- 
tions. Abolitionists. Effect of cotton culture in intensifying the State sov- 
ereignty doctrine; the rights of the minority; relation to Southern gerry- 
manders; distinguished from secession; historical development vs. logic. 
Jackson's proclamation. Compromise. 

War on the Bank.— The bank as "an engin3 of aristocracy." Recharter by 
Congress, 1832; veto by Jackson; removal of the deposits, 1832-3. Resolutions 
of censure; Jackson's protest. The "tribune of the people. " Pet banks. Dis- 
tribution of the surplus. Inflation, and speculation in public lands. The 
"specie circular." Crisis of 1837. Independent treasury. Repudiation. Jack- 
son's Maysville road veto. Failure of State internal improvement. Rise of 
railroad corporations. 

Contrast Between Jackson and Jefferson. — The man /cr the people, and the man 
<?/ the people. The man of Virginia and the man of the West. The theoretical 
democracy and the real democracy. The "analyst" and the "absolutist." 
The services of Jackson to nationality. 

TOPICS. 

1. Compare the views of Madison, Jefferson, and Calhoun with regard to the 
relation of the States and the Nation. 

2. Discuss the origin of the spoils system. 

3. Was Jackson's presidency beneficial to the country? 

4. Causes and effects of the Crisis of 1837. 

5. Why was Webster called the "defender of the Constitution?" Analyze his 
arguments. 

6. Discuss the economic causes of nullification. 



11 



READING ON LECTURE VI. 



The required reading is Johnston's United States, pages i66 to 179; or Wil- 
son's Division and Reunion, pigas i to 115. Thasa pagss of Wilson are 
worth more than most of the lives of Jackson to the student who desires an in- 
sight into the period. Sumrier's Jackson, in the American Statesmen Series, is 
valuable. Parton's Jackson has some useful material. Professor Morse, in 
ihe Pc/itical Science Quarterly, June, 1886, discusses Jackson's services to the 
cause of nationality. Roosevelt's Benton is particularly good in its apprecia- 
tion of western influence on the period. Benton's Thirty Years' View is full of 
material. Von Hoist's Constitutional History of the United States, I., and II., 
has a vigorous criticism of the "reign of Andrew Jackson." On the subject of 
nullification the best reading is Calhoun's Works, I., and VI., and Webster's 
Works, III. The general histories and the volumes of the American Statesmen 
Series must not be overlooked, particularly the lives of Webster, Clay, Benton, 
Calhoun, and Van Buren. Preston's Documents Illustrative of American His- 
tory gives the text of the Ordinance of Nullification. Story's Commentaries on 
the Constitution, g§ 306 to 396, discusses the view that the constitution was 
a compact. Madison's views are in his Works, and in the North American Re- 
view, vol. 30, p. 537 (1830). The opposition made by the union party in South 
Carolina is presented in Caper's Life and Times of Memminger. The spoils 
system is traced in Shepard's Van Buren. Kinley's Independent Treasury of the 
United States, Scott's Repudiation of State Debts, and Bourne's History of the 
Surplus Revenue, are valuable accounts of their subjects. Schurz' Clay gives 
an excellent account of the Crisis of 1837. Taussig's Tariff History is a good 
guide to the agitation at this period. The land legislation is treated in Sato's 
Land Question. Ely's Labor Movement in America, and Woolen, in the Yale 
Review, May, 1892, help to an understanding of the new industrial conditions. 
Schouler's History of the United States, III., 507-529, I,, 1-31, describes the 
condition of the United States in 1830. Wisconsin characteristics appear in 
Mrs. Kinzie's Wau Bun. See also De Tocqueville's Democracy in America; 
Poore, in Atlantic Monthly vols. 45-53; Sargent's Public Men and Events, and 
Wise's Seven Decades. The abolition movement may be studied in the works 
cited for the previous lecture, and in Garrisons' Life of Garrison. 



/ 



1 TRRftRY OF CONGRESS 

HHli 

000 157 136 9^ 



12 
SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 



Administration of Washington (Va.) and Adams (iVIass.), 1789-97. Jefferson, 
Secretary of State; Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury. Ten amendments. 
Tariff of 1790. Funding, assumption, and location of the capital, i790- 
National bank, 1791; formation of parties: Federalist; Democratic-Republican. 
Proclamation of Neutrality, 1792; Genet. "Whiskey Insurrection, 1794. Wayne's 
victory, 1794. Jay's treaty, 1795. Eleventh amendment (propssed 1794, — 
adopted 1798). 

Administration of Adams (iWass.) and Jefferson (Va.), 1797-1801. X. Y. Z, Mis- 
sion, 1797. Conflict with France, 1798. Alien and Sedition laws, 1798. Vir- 
ginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798, 1799. Removal to Washington, D. C , 
1800. 

Administration of Jefferson (Va.) and Burr (N. Y.), 1801-05. War with Tripoli, 
1801. Repeal of the Judiciary law. Purchase of Louisiana, 1803. Twelfth 
amendment. 

Administration of Jefferson (Va.) and Clinton (N. Y.), 1805-1809. The "Quids" 
and Randolph. Cumberland road act, 1806. Burr's Expedition, 1806-7. 
Chesapeake and Leopard, 1807. Embargo, 1808. New England disaffection. 
Non-intercourse, 1809. 

Administration ot IVladison (Va.) and Clinton, (N. Y.) 1809-1813, and Gerry, (IVIass.) 
1813-1817. — Fall of the national bank, 181 1. Warofi8i2; New England resist- 
ance; Hartford convention,. 1814. Treaty of Ghent, 1814. Extinction of the 
Federal party. National bank, 1816. Tariff, 1816. Bonus bill, 1817. 

Administration of Monroe, (Va.) and Tompkins, (N. Y.) 1817-1821< —Germs of 
new party undsr Clay. Seminole war, 1818. Florida Purchase, 1819. Mis- 
souri Compromise, 1S20. State constitutional conventions. . Cumberland road 
veto, 1822. Tariff of 1824. Erie canal. Contest of 1824. 

Administration of J. Q. Adams, (IVIass.) and Calhoun, (S. C.) 1825-1829. —National 
Republican party (Clay and Adams). "Jackson men;" — Democratic party. 
Cherokee trouble. Tariff of 1828. Internal improvements. 

Administration of Jackson (Tenn.), and Calhoun (S. C), 1829-1833. — Removals 
from office. Hayne-Webster debate, 1830. Veto of the Maysville road, 1830. 
Veto of recharter of bank, 1832. Tariff of 1832. Nullification, 1S32. Com- 
promise tariff, 1833. National Anti-Slavery Society, 1833. 

Administration of Jackson (Tenn), and Van Buren(N. Y), 1833 1837. Removal 
of the deposits, 1833. Whigs (Clay). The railroad. Pet banks. Distribu- 
tion of the surplus, 1836. Specie circular, 1837. 

Administration of Van Buren (N. Y. ), and Johnson (Ky. }, 1837 1841. - Crisis of 1S37. 
Sub- treasury system, 1840. Repudiation. MormDUs. Slavery questions. 



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